A long-running US inquiry into the causes of the country's worst financial meltdown since the Great Depression has found it was avoidable.
After more than a year of investigation, the commission blamed the crisis on dramatic failures of corporate governance combined with a stunning systemic breakdown in regulation.
It concluded the government of George W Bush was ill-prepared for the crisis and its inconsistent responses made things worse.
Commission chairman Phil Angelides said the financial crisis was far from inevitable.
"None of what happened was an act of God," he said.
"The greatest tragedy would be to accept that no-one could have seen this crisis coming, and thus nothing could have been done.
"If we accept this notion, it will happen again."
The commission concluded the government was caught off guard by the financial meltdown and senior public officials failed to recognise the bursting of the housing bubble could threaten the whole system.
Commissioner John Thompson said regulators could have forestalled or mitigated the worst effects, but chose not to act or turned a blind eye.
"It's clear the sentries were not at their post," he said.
The commission says too many firms acted recklessly, and too often risk management became risk justification.
The commissioners say they did find instances of possible corporate criminal activity, but would not elaborate.