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- Thread starter GFR
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On average, the distance from Pluto to the Sun is approximately 40 times the distance from the Earth to the Sun. Put a different way, if a scale model were constructed with the Sun on the California coast and the Earth about 75 miles inland, then on the same scale Pluto would be in New York.
All four giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) have ring systems. As of 20 years ago, only Saturn was known to have rings. Saturn's ring system is by far the largest and most developed of the four.
Methane gas, which absorbs red light, is what causes Uranus and Neptune to look bluish in color. Methane is a relatively minor constituent of their atmospheres, however. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Uranus and Neptune have atmospheres made mostly of hydrogen and helium.
The atmospheric pressure you would experience on the surface of Venus is approximately equal to the pressure you would experience 3000 feet (approx. 1 km) down in the Earth's oceans, i.e., about 90 times the pressure at the Earth's surface.
The Galileo probe, weighing in at 339 kilograms (750 pounds), will enter Jupiter's atmosphere at 170,000 kilometers per hour (106,000 mph), or more than 50 times faster than a bullet shot out of a rifle. The probe will experience deceleration forces as high as 230 times Earth's gravity. In about two minutes, the orbiter's speed will be slowed to about 1,600 kilometers per hour (1,000 mph).
The amount of power transmitted by the Galileo spacecraft's radio is about the same amount used by a refrigerator light bulb--about 20 watts. By the time they reach Earth, the radio signals from Galileo are incredibly weak (about a billion times fainter than the sound of a transistor radio in New York as heard from Los Angeles).
The average radiation dose per minute absorbed by the Galileo spacecraft during its orbital mission is equivalent to what the average person receives in a whole year on Earth. On December 7, as it made its closest approach to Jupiter, the radiation dose per minute to Galileo exceeded by several times what a person on Earth would receive in their entire lifetime and would have been quite lethal to a human.
The Voyager spacecraft delivery accuracy at Neptune (100 km or 60 mi.) (62 mi), divided by the trip distance of 7,128,603,456 km (4,429,508,700 mi), was the equivalent of sinking a 3630 km (2260 mi.) golf shot, although Voyager, as opposed to a golf shot, was allowed a few minor trajectory adjustments along the way.
It takes radio signals from Earth (traveling at the speed of light: 186,000 miles per second) approximately 9 hours to reach the Pioneer 10 spacecraft, which is the most distant object built by humans. It takes another 9 hours for the spacecraft's response to reach Earth.
The Space Shuttle flies about 200 miles (330 km) above the Earth's surface (equivalent to roughly half the distance between Los Angeles and San Francisco). In contrast, geostationary (stationary with respect to the Earth's surface) communications satellites have to be lofted approximately 21,500 miles (35,800 km) above the Earth's surface, and the Apollo spacecraft were approximately 227,000 miles (378,000 km) above the Earth's surface when they reached the Moon.
In its six years of operation, the Hubble Space Telescope has observed approximately 8000 objects, which is roughly equivalent to the number of stars that can be seen from the surface of Earth with the naked eye.
It currently takes radio signals approximately 35 minutes to get from the Galileo spacecraft to Earth. Galileo, in orbit around Jupiter, is over 635 million kilometers (about 395 million miles) from Earth.
