The Earth orbits the Sun at an average velocity of approximately 30 kilometers per second (18 miles per second). Planets closer to the Sun travel faster in their orbits and planets further away travel slower.
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- Thread starter GFR
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Sunspots appear dark because they are cooler than the surrounding areas on the Sun, and therefore radiate less light and appear "dark" relative to the areas around them. Sunspot temperatures average about 3800 degrees versus 5800 degrees Celsius for the average surface of the Sun.
Due to frequent collisions with subatomic particles, it takes a typical gamma ray photon about one million years to travel from the core of the Sun to its surface, even though gamma rays travel at the speed of light (the gamma ray region of light has shorter wavelengths than X-rays). By the time the photon that started out as a gamma ray photon escapes the solar furnace, it has lost so much energy through collisions that it emerges from the Sun's surface as a photon of ordinary, visible light.
