A team led by A. J. Clifford looked carefully at Oster's theories. In a study published in 1983,7 they noted that "neither liposome formation during homogenization of milk nor absorption of intact liposomes from the gastrointestinal tract has been demonstrated." In reviewing the major published findings, Clifford reported that "absorption of dietary xanthine oxidase has not been demonstrated." Clifford's team cites studies showing lack of activity of serum xanthine oxidase from pigs and humans fed diets that included milk or were without milk8,9 Further, Clifford's team noted that "a relationship between intake of homogenized ???dairy foods' and levels of xanthine oxidase activity in the blood has not been established."